Challenges of Establishing Green Corridors in the Areas with Agricultural Land Consolidation

Conducting land consolidation within an area where agricultural land has the largest share is of great importance. Current practice of enforcing land consolidation was focused upon achieving favorable conditions for agricultural production, simultaneously leading to negative effects related to the environment, wildlife and native species. The aim of land consolidation is achieving favorable conditions for agricultural production, which can be obtained through the grouping of properties and the formation of larger plots of proper shape. In order to accomplish these effects, barriers which might interfere with agricultural operations (e.g. forest vegetation and non-functional amelioration canals) must often be removed. Especially drastic measures of clearing the terrain are required if mobile equipment for irrigation is planned on new plots. However, in the context of the integral land consolidation both effects can be achieved, i.e. improved conditions for agricultural production, as well as positive effects related to the environment. Vojvodina is a northern province of Serbia where 76% of arable land is exploited in agriculture, while forested areas cover only - about 6% (Marković and Tatalović, 1995). The implementation of land consolidation, in most of cases led to even more reduced presence of non-forest vegetation within the area. During implementation of the measures, the regulation was mainly done by removing non-forest vegetation. Compensation for non-forest vegetation, or segregation area for afforestation, in most cases has not been included in the project design. During the second half of the last century, more than 56% of the territory in Vojvodina has been regulated by applying land consolidation measures (Damjanović and Benka, 1994). Unfortunately, the implementation of land consolidation measures was focused mostly upon establishing favorable conditions for intensive agricultural production and often led to reduction of non-forest vegetation. Nowadays, forested areas within arable land, where intensive agricultural production is applied, cover only 1.5 % (Letić et al., 2001). Due to unilateral approach of land consolidation, later efforts were focused upon improving environment by planning implementation of subsequent measures - raising windshield forest belts. The paper presents the results of the analysis of spatial representation, distribution and interconnectivity of nonforest vegetation within an area where land consolidation was performed. Outcome of these measures was compared to the situation after introducing windshield forest belts

Utvrđivanje zastupljenosti i povezanosti vanšumskog zelenila na komasacijom uređenom području

Uređenje zemljišne teritorije putem komasacije ima za cilj poboljšanje uslova za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Poboljšanje se ogleda u grupisanju razbacanih i rascepkanih poljoprivrednih poseda u veće parcele. Nove parcele su pravilnog oblika, pogodnog za obradu savremenom poljoprivrednom mehanizacijom, sa direktnim pristupom sa mreže poljskih puteva. Kako bi se formirale pravilne parcele sa grupisanim posedom, na području je neophodno izvršiti čišćenje od skoro svih oblika vanšumskog zelenila, koje u novoj parcelaciji predstavlja prepreku. Prisustvo vanšumskog zelenila na području sa velikim procentom obradivih poljoprivrednih površina je od izuzetnog značaja. Funkcije vanšumskog zelenila se ogledaju od zaštite zemljišta od isušivanja i eolske erozije, očuvanja biodiverziteta do formiranja izgleda predela. U radu je prikazana mogućnost utvrđivanja zastupljenosti i povezanosti vanšumskog zelenila koristeći satelitske snimke dostupne preko aplikacije Google Earth. Identifikovane površine pod vanšumskim zelenilom su razvrstane kao tačkasti, linijski i površinski elementi. Korišćenjem geografskog informacionog sistema utvrđena je zastupljenost, međusobna povezanost i prostorni raspored vanšumskog zelenila na komasacijom uređenom području opštine Ada. Stanje registovano sa satelitskih snimaka je upoređeno sa stanjem koje bi se dobilo realizacijom projekta podizanja poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva

Analiza metoda za kvantifikaciju suše

Extreme climatic events such as drought, in many parts of the world are causing great damage to the economy and even wider. An analysis of this event is of great importance to all those who are exposed to its influence. Drought indices seem to be the simplest tool for its analysis. Four drought indices were used: De-Martonne drought index, Standardised Precipitation Index, Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index and Rainfall Anomaly Index. The analysis was conducted for the meteorological station Rimski Šančevi, over the period 1971-2014. The results indicate shifting of dry and wet years, and the correlation shows to what extent these indices can represent each other's alternative.Ekstremne klimatske pojave poput suše, u mnogim delovima sveta nanose velike štete privredi, pa i šire. Analiza ove pojave je od velikog značaja za sve one koji su izloženi njenom uticaju. Indeksi suše se čine najjednostavnijim alatom za njenu analizu. U radu su korišćena četiri indeksa suše: De-Martonne-ov indeks suše, standardizovani indeks padavina, standardizovani indeks klimatskog vodnog bilansa i indeks anomalija padavina. Analiza je sprovedena za meteorološku stanicu Rimski Šančevi, za period od 1971-2014. godine. Rezultati ukazuju na smenjivanje sušnih i vlažnih godina, a korelaciona analiza pokazuje u kojoj meri ovi indeksi mogu predstavljati jedan drugome alternativu

Economic Feasibility of Chemical Weed Control in Soybean Production in Serbia

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicides in combinations and to determine their economic feasibility in the soybean crop. The trials were placed at two locations, Pobeda and Budisava (Serbia), during 2016 and 2018, organized in a randomized block design with four replicates of all herbicide combinations (metribuzin + S-metolachlor; imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; and bentazon + imazamox + typhenesulfuron-methyl). At the first location, 16 weed species were determined, while in the second location, 14 were determined. The highest reduction in the number of weeds was achieved at the first location, using a combination of herbicides metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl with a total efficacy that ranged from 96.98% to 97.40%. Only on the second location bentazone + imazamox + tifensulfuron-methyl showed passable phytotoxicity on soybean, during both years. Based on the established economic justification, in the combinations of metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl, yield was increased for 2350 kg/ha or 1.91 times more, according to the untreated variant at first location. The economic injury level at the most effective combination of herbicides was 52.70 weeds/m(2)

Iskorišćenost prirodnih resursa Vojvodine za navodnjavanje

Značajne površine plodnog obradivog zemljišta dobrih proizvodnih svojstava i raspoložive količine vode, kao najznačajniji prirodni resursi i potencijali, čine da Vojvodina ima povoljne uslove za intenzivniji razvoj i primenu navodnjavanja. Takođe, postoje realne potrebe za navodnjavanjem jer zemljištu i gajenim biljkama tokom vegetacionog perioda nedostaje oko 100 do 300 mm vode. Sve češće se ispoljava manjak i neodgovarajuća unutargodišnja raspodela atmosferskih padavina. Osnovu vodnih resursa predstavljaju reke Dunav, Tisa i Sava, niz manjih prirodnih vodotoka, osnovna (ukupne dužine 930 km) i detaljna (20.000 km) kanalska mreža koje pružaju mogućnost zahvatanja dovoljnih količina vode za potrebe navodnjavanja. Najveći deo površina navodnjava se vodom iz prirodnih vodotoka i kanala (preko 90%) i to najčešće veštačkom kišom (80-90%). Među navodnjavanim površinama dominiraju oranice i bašte (oko 95%) dok su ostale pretežno pod voćnjacima (5%). Navodnjavane površine zauzimaju ukupno 20-30 hiljada hektara. Razvojni potencijali su daleko veći

Efekat načina navodnjavanja na prinos crnog luka i efikasnost iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem

The trial with irrigated onion, growing from sets, was conducted on private farm in Bački Jarak (45°22'38.6"N 19°52'03.4"E) near Novi Sad, on the calcareous chernozem soil of the loess terrace in 2014. The trial was established in a system of random blocks in three replicates and adapted to technical specifications of irrigation method. The trial included the non-irrigated, control variant. Onion variety Holandski žuti was analyzed. A single plot size was 6 m2 (2 rows x 0.3 m x 10 m). Onion was irrigated by overhead microsprinklers (sprinkler intensity 43 mm h-1 , working pressure 200 kPa) and drip irrigation method (distance between laterals 0.3 m, distance between drippers 0.2 m, drippers flow 1.8 l h-1 , working pressure 100 kPa). The irrigation rate was 30 mm. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc). To compare two different type of irrigation, irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) values were calculated by dividing the yield of onion bulbs obtained in irrigation conditions and water applied by irrigation. The yield of onion bulbs obtained on the plot with drip irrigation (43.23 t ha-1 ) were statistically higher compared with sprinkler irrigation variant (39.50 t ha-1 ) and control variant without irrigation (38.29 t ha-1 ). Irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) values obtained on variant with drip irrigation (6.2 kg m-3 ) were also statistically higher compared with sprinkler irrigation variant (4.4 kg m-3 ). Higher yield of onion irrigated by drip irrigation system in relation to microsprinklers indicate that the drip irrigation method has some advantages in onion production in agroecological conditions of the Vojvodina region.Ogled sa navodnjavanjem crnog luka iz arpadžika izveden je 2014. godine na okućnici privatnog poseda u Bačkom Jarku, na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem po metodu blok sistema u tri ponavljanja i prilagodjen uslovima navodnjavanja. U istraživanjima je bila zastupljena sorta Holandski žuti na osnovnoj parcelici veličine 6 m2 (2 reda x 0,3 m x 10 m). Crni luk je navodnjavan kišenjem mikrorasprskivačima i lokalno kapanjem. U ogledu je bila zastupljena i kontrolna varijanta bez navodnjavanja. Zalivna norma je iznosila 30 mm. Vreme zalivanja je odredjivano metodom vodnog bilansa primenom koeficijenata kulture (kc) i referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo). Vrednosti koeficijenata efikasnosti iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) obračunate kao količnik prinosa lukovica dobijenim u uslovima navodnjavanja i količine vode dodate navodnjavanjem poslužile su da se uporede kišenje i kapanje kao načini navodnjavanja. Prinos lukovica na varijanti navodnjavanja kapanjem (43.23 t ha-1 ) bio je statistički signifikantno veći i u odnosu na varajantu navodnjavanja kišenjem (39.50 t ha-1 ) i kontrolnu varijantu bez navodnjavanja (38.29 t ha-1 ). Vrednosti koeficijenata iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) bile su statistički signifikantno veće na varijanti navodnjavanja kapanjem (6.2 kg m-3 ) u poredjenju sa varijantom navodnjavanja kišenjem (4.4 kg m-3 ). Veći prinosi lukovica i veće vrednosti koeficijenata Iwue ukazuju na prednost kapanja kao načina navodnjavanja u odnosu na kišenje mikrorasprskivačima u agroekološkim uslovima Vojvodine

Correlation between Ground Measurements and UAV Sensed Vegetation Indices for Yield Prediction of Common Bean Grown under Different Irrigation Treatments and Sowing Periods

The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for rapid monitoring, water stress detection and yield prediction under different sowing periods and irrigation treatments of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L). The study used a two-factorial split-plot design, divided into subplots. There were three sowing periods (plots; I—mid April, II—end of May/beginning of June, III—third decade of June/beginning of July) and three levels of irrigation (subplots; full irrigation (F)—providing 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), deficit irrigation (R)—providing 80% of ETc, and deficit irrigation (S) providing—60% of ETc). Canopy cover (CC), leaf area index (LAI), transpiration (T) and soil moisture (Sm) were monitored in all treatments during the growth period. A multispectral camera was mounted on a drone on seven occasions during two years of research which provided raw multispectral images. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), MCARI1 (Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) were computed from the images. The results indicated that NDVI, MCARI1 and GNDVI derived from the UAV are sensitive to water stress in S treatments, while mild water stress among the R treatments could not be detected. The NDVI and MCARI1 of the II-S treatment predicted yields better (r2 = 0.65, y = 4.01 tha−1; r2 = 0.70, y = 4.28 tha−1) than of III-S (r2 = 0.012, y = 3.54 tha−1; r2 = 0.020, y = 3.7 tha−1). The use of NDVI and MCARI will be able to predict common bean yields under deficit irrigation conditions. However, remote sensing methods did not reveal pest invasion, so good yield predictions require observations in the field. Generally, a low-flying UAV proved to be useful for monitoring crop status and predicting yield and water stress in different irrigation regimes and sowing period